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One of the primary peculiarities of the documentary credit is that the payment obligation is abstract and independent from the underlying contract of sale or any other contract in the transaction. Thus the bank’s obligation is defined by the terms of the credit alone, and the sale contract is irrelevant. The defences of the buyer arising out of the sale contract do not concern the bank and in no way affect its liability.[1] Article 4(a) UCP states this principle clearly. Article 5 the UCP further states that banks deal with documents only, they are not concerned with the goods (facts). Accordingly, if the documents tendered by the beneficiary, or his or her agent, appear to be in order, then in general the bank is obliged to pay without further qualifications.
The “principle of strict compliance” also aims to make the bank’s duty of effecting payment against documents easy, efficient and quick. Hence, if the documents tendered under the credit deviate from the language of the credit the bank is entitled to withhold payment even if the deviation is purely terminological.[3] The general legal maxim de minimis non curat lex has no place in the field of documentary credits.
Performance of the Documentary Credit may be prevented by government action outside the control of the parties.
Legal Risks
Possibility that performance of a Documentary Credit may be disturbed by legal action relating directly to the parties and their rights and obligations under the Documentary Credit
Force Majeure and Frustration of Contract
Performance of a contract – including an obligation under a Documentary Credit relationship – is prevented by external factors such as natural disasters or armed conflicts
Risks to the Applicant
Non-delivery of Goods
Short Shipment
Inferior Quality
Early /Late Shipment
Damaged in transit
Foreign exchange
Failure of Bank viz Issuing bank / Collecting Bank
Risks to the Issuing Bank
Insolvency of the Applicant
Fraud Risk, Sovereign and Regulatory Risk and Legal Risks
Risks to the Reimbursing Bank
no obligation to reimburse the Claiming Bank unless it has issued a reimbursement undertaking.
Risks to the Beneficiary
Failure to Comply with Credit Conditions
Failure of, or Delays in Payment from, the Issuing Bank
Credit Issued by Party other than Bank
Risks to the Advising Bank
The Advising Bank’s only obligation – if it accepts the Issuing Bank’s instructions – is to check the apparent authenticity of the Credit and advising it to the Beneficiary
Risks to the Nominated Bank
Nominated Bank has made a payment to the Beneficiary against documents that comply with the terms and conditions of the Credit and is unable to obtain reimbursement from the Issuing Bank
Risks to the Confirming Bank
If Confirming Bank’s main risk is that, once having paid the Beneficiary, it may not be able to obtain reimbursement from the Issuing Bank because of insolvency of the Issuing Bank or refusal of the Issuing Bank to reimburse because of a dispute as to whether or not payment should have been made under the Credit
Other Risks in International Trade
A Credit risk risk from change in the credit of an opposing business.
An Exchange risk is a risk from a change in the foreign exchange rate.
A Force majeure risk is 1. a risk in trade incapability caused by a change in a country's policy, and 2. a risk caused by a natural disaster.
Other risks are mainly risks caused by a difference in law, language or culture. In these cases, the cargo might be found late because of a dispute in import and export dealings
| Product Model | Inside Diameter | Outside Diameter | Thickness |
| 22316EXK NACHI | 80 | 170 | 58 |
| 21316AXK NACHI | 80 | 170 | 39 |