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This is the ninth part of my series of articles on assessing risk in international trade.
In my last article of this series, I made some comments about Chambers of Commerce and Trade Consulates. In this article I focus on certain aspects of regulatory issues that affect market access. As this is a very big topic covering a multitude of issues, I will limit my comments to regulations and documentation.
international-trade-risk-regulatory-issues-and-market-access
Without exception, all international transactions need to comply with customs regulations, and these vary from one nation to another. Care must be taken by the seller to ensure that they provide the necessary documentation to the buyer to avoid expensive delays and a souring relationship.
I have always found the easiest and best option for ensuring compliance is to enlist the assistance of the buyer.
A simple question usually does the trick: What documents do you need from me to complete the customs formalities at your end?
The buyer usually answers with a quick and comprehensive list of all the different documents required. This ought to be the case since the importer is presumed to know more about their own national barrier requirements than other foreign parties if for no other reason than they deal with their authorities on a regular basis.
Not only should the exporter provide all the necessary documents, they should be in the correct format and include accurate data. Special requirements may also apply due to free trade agreement (FTA) considerations. The ability to secure preferential duty treatment is often dependent on being able to prove the origin of the good, and this is often subject to the presentation of specific documentation at the time of import.
While it may be possible to find import requirements for foreign nations by accessing their official websites, this information may not be easily found, and nations that are not members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have no obligation to make this information publicly and transparently available. That's why I favour cooperation between seller and buyer to ensure customs compliance.
Questions related to documentation for customs purposes should, of course, be asked during the negotiations, as ultimately documentary compliance becomes part of the contractual obligations.
Apart from customs, other considerations may arise depending on the product and destination.
In addition to customs, most countries have some sort of government permit issuing agencies that may become involved in an export/import transaction depending on the nature of the product being traded. These permits may specifically include restrictions on the marketing, sales and distribution of products and may include extensive documentation requirements prior to permission to import being granted. These permits may be relatively expensive and can take considerable time to obtain. Examples of these include:
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or their equivalent counterparts, such as the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA) or the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia, that regulate medical and pharmaceutical products primarily, but may also extend their control to medical devices and cosmetics, depending on the nation in question;
Quarantine authorities across the world that have different foci on pest and diseases and have vastly varying requirements for importing consignments ranging from simple self-assessment declarations to fumigation to mandatory export/ import consignment inspections;
Defence concerns for equipment that may have dual use, that is, both civil and military use, such as wireless modem devices; and
Industrial chemicals may be subjected not only to transport restrictions because of their hazardous nature but may also be controlled with special licences and subjected to distribution and warehousing restrictions in the importing country.
You should always ensure that permits can be obtained before entering into the sales contract. This requires investigation. The Incoterms 2010 chosen will determine who is actually responsible for obtaining import permits. Regardless of who has the actual responsibility, there will need to be a level of cooperation between the parties. It may be a good risk-management approach to specify in the contract of sale not only who is responsible for obtaining permits, but also what penalties or remedies will be in place should something go wrong.
It is not difficult to imagine a situation where a product arrives at destination and no permit is available, meaning the consignment is stuck at customs. The cost of storing the goods somewhere needs to be borne by someone, and depending on the product, the integrity of the consignment may be jeopardised if it is a highly perishable time-sensitive or temperature-sensitive product. Always think about mitigating risks in your transactions.
Apart from the barrier control regulations mentioned above there are also considerations of market access that enable the product to be legitimately sold in the foreign nation. For example, special labelling may be required to show specific information and be in a specific language. In some nations multi-language labelling is allowed, but not in others. The logistics impact of such regulations are not to be underestimated since different labelling by necessity leads to split production runs with additional costs and the inability to divert products from one nation to another in situations where a spike in demand arises.
Traders should also be aware that sometimes governments purposely interfere with the flow of goods, seemingly for goods reasons, such as in cases of unfair competition—dumping—or to protect a strategic industry from foreign competition. Usually these measures are imposed on a financially punitive basis through the imposition of additional duties that may be called by a variety of names. Of course the outbreak of a disease may be another reason that a restriction could be imposed.
I have only provided a small snippet of the issues relevant to market access, but hopefully this provides readers with some food for thought. To ensure that a transaction proceeds smoothly, it is vital that sellers and buyers explore all relevant issues during the negotiations that precede the signing of the contract. Early open communication is still the best solution. Virtually all of the approaches designed to manage business risks incorporate a communication section; this is vital because you cannot manage what you do not know.
| Product Model | Inside Diameter | Outside Diameter | Thickness |
| LBCD16A bearing | 16 | 26 | 36 |
| LBCD12A bearing | 12 | 22 | 32 |